Temperature and speed of sound frequency equation dependence of physical quantities temperature dependency of sound velocity - density of air acoustic impedance dependency specific acoustic impedance characteristic acoustic impedance audio - sengpielaudio
 
Deutsche Version UK-flag s/w - sengpielaudio D-flag - sengpielaudio
 
Temperature Dependence of Acoustic Quantities
Speed of sound, density of air, and impedance of air
Temperature and the speed of sound - Density of water 
It is about sound in audio - there is no speed of light

Table (chart): The impact of temperature
The air density, the speed of sound, the characteristic acoustic
impedance and the dependency of the temperature of air

Temperature
of air ϑ in °C
Speed of sound
c in m/s
Time per 1 m
Δ t in ms/m
Density of air
ρ in kg/m3
Impedance
of air Z0 in N·s/m3
+40 354.94 2.817 1.1272 400.0
+35 351.96 2.840 1.1455 403.2
+30 349.08 2.864 1.1644 406.5
+25 346.18 2.888 1.1839 409.4
+20 343.22 2.912 1.2041 413.3
+15 340.31 2.937 1.2250 416.9
+10 337.33 2.963 1.2466 420.5
 +5 334.33 2.990 1.2690 424.3
 ±0 331.30 3.017 1.2920 428.0
 −5 328.24 3.044 1.3163 432.1
−10 325.16 3.073 1.3413 436.1
−15 322.04 3.103 1.3673 440.3
−20 318.89 3.134 1.3943 444.6
−25 315.72 3.165 1.4224 449.1

ϑ = Temperature, c = Speed of sound, ρ = Density of air, Z0 = ρ × c = Specific acoustic impedance of air
Sound pressure p = √ (I × Z0) and Sound intensity I = p² / Z0      ρ = 101325 / (287.058 × 273.15 + ϑ))
Standard air pressure p0 = 101325 Pa, Specific gas constant R = 287.058 J/kg × K.

As a reference, the characteristic impedance of the surrounding air (acoustic impedance) is used with the round value Z0 = 400 N·s/m³ (Pa·s/m) in physics (acoustics) without a temperature responce.
Then at this round value the "sound level" as a decibel value, the sound pressure level and sound intensity level coincide exactly.
The reference characteristic acoustic impedance
Z0 = ρ × c = 400 N·s/m³, is due to the threshold of hearing p0 = 20 Pa (µN/m²) and I0 = 1 pW/m². Sound pressure level and sound intensity level are absolutely identical when the characteristic acoustic impedance is taken as Z0 = 400 N·s/m³.
There seem to be some problems with the definition of "characteristic acoustic impedance" and "specific acoustic impedance", and "acoustic impedance".

The speed of sound in air is determined by the air itself and is not dependent upon the amplitude, frequency, or wavelength of the sound.
For an ideal gas the speed of sound depends only on its temperature and is independent of gas pressure. This dependence also applies to air, in good approximation and can be regarded as an ideal gas.
 
Aha! Notice: The speed of sound changes clearly with temperature,
              a little bit with humidity − but not with air pressure (atmospheric pressure).

              The words "sound pressure at sea level" are incorrect and misleading.
              The temperature indication, however, is absolutely necessary.
 
The average air pressure at sea level is 101325 Pa. However, this information is insignificant for the speed of sound. We always need the specification of the temperature.

Properties of sound in air

Simply enter the value to the left or the right side.
The calculator works in both directions of the
sign.
 
Temperature ϑ  (theta)            
°C
     ↔      Speed of sound v            
m/s
Frequency f 
Hz
     ↔      Wavelength λ 
m
Speed of sound
Temperature °C = 273,15 × (0.000009110812904081 × c² − 1)
At 0° Celsius the speed of sound we find in USA books to be 331.3 m/s.
At 20° Celsius the speed of sound is then 343.21 m/s, rounded 343 m/s.
At 0° Celsius the speed of sound is in German books 331.5 m/s mostly.
At 20° Celsius the speed of sound is then 343.42 m/s, rounded 343 m/s.

The effect of temperature

The air density is: ρ = p / (R · T) in kg/m3, air pressure = p, gas constant = R, temperature in
Kelvin = T
 
The individual gas constant R for dry air is:
 
R = 287.058 J / kg · K
 
with energy joule (J) = newton × meter = N m; T in Kelvin = temperature in °C + 273.15.
 
Atmospheric pressure p0 = 101325 Pa = 1013.25 mbar = 1013.25 hPa und R = 287.058 J/kg · K.

With the temperature of T0 = 273.15 K (0 °C) the density of air is:
 
ρ0 = 101325 / (287.058 × 273.15) = 1.2922 kg/m3.
 
For T25 = 298.15 K (25°C) (Normal conditions) the density of air is:

ρ25 = 101325 / (287.058 × 298.15) = 1.184 kg/m3.

Furthermore it is customary T20 = 293.15 K ↔ 20°C and the density of air is ρ = 1.204 kg/m3.
 
As you see, this sizes are strongly temperature dependent.
 
The speed of sound in air is:
speed of sound
ϑ (theta) is the temperature in degrees Celsius.
 
Z0 = ρ0 × c            Z0 is the specific acoustic impedance of air and c is the speed of sound.

 
In SI units with dry air at 20°C (68°F), the speed of sound c is 343 m/s.
This also equates to 1235 km/h, 767 mph, 1125 feet per second (ft/s), or 666 knots.
 
Google is not correct (look at the following link)
http://productforums.google.com/forum/#!category-topic/websearch/unexpected-search-results/N5JMdZOkeuQ
Here is the wrong answer of Google: "Speed of sound at sea level = 340.29 m/s".
This is not a good answer, because they forgot to tell us the important temperature,
and the given atmospheric pressure "at sea level" makes really no sense.
 
Reason: The static air pressure p_ and density ρ of the air at the same temperature
are proportional to each other. The ratio p / ρ is always constant, on a high
mountain or even at sea level. Atmospheric pressure p_ and density of air ρ go
always together. The ratio stays constant. When calculating the speed of sound,
forget the atmospheric pressure, but regard the important temperature.
The speed of sound varies with altitude (height) only because of the changing
temperature!

 
Weiter
 
Adiabatic index or ratio of specific heats κ (kappa) = cp / cv. Generally we take
with sufficient accuracy the formula (equation) for the speed of sound in air
in m/s vs. temperature ϑ (theta) in degrees Celsius (centigrade):

 
 
Schall in m/s.
 
 
That gives e.g. at ϑ = 20°C a speed of sound c = 331 + (0.6 × 20) = 343 m/s.
 
 
 1 °C change of temperature is equal to 
 60 cm/s change of speed of sound.

 
 
That gives e.g. at ϑ = 20°C the speed of sound c = 331.3 + 0.606 × 20 = 343.42 m/s.
Often the easy calculation will do: c ≈ 331 + (0.6 × 20) = 343 m/s.
 
 
1°C change of temperature is equal to 60 cm/s change of speed of sound.
 
 
There is a useful formula (rule of thumb) to get the temperature ϑ (°C)
when you know the speed of sound c in air (m/s).
 
Formula: Temperature of air ϑ ≈ (c − 331.5) / 0.606 in °C.
 
With the following formula you can calculate more exactly the speed of sound.
 
Speed of sound Schall
in m/s and temperature ϑ in °C.
 
Temperature of air ϑ°C = 273.15 × (0.000009110812904081 × c² − 1) in °C.

Speed of sound c = 331.3 × sqrt (1+(ϑ°C / 273.15))

Calculation and conversion: Speed of sound and air temperature

Simply enter the value to the left or the right side.
The calculator works in both directions of the
sign.
 
Speed of sound c 
m/s
 ↔  Temperature ϑ 
°C
Sound in air in m/s: c = 331.3 + 0.606 × ϑ
Temperature in °C: ϑ = (c – 331.3) / 0.606
c = 331.3 m/s at ϑ = 0°C
Pitch change by temperature change (variation)
Calculation of the Speed of Sound in Air and the important Temperature
Speed of sound - temperature matters, not air pressure
Calculation: speed of sound in humid air
 
 
Note: The radiated sound power (sound intensity) is the cause -
and the
sound pressure is the effect.
The effect is of particular interest to the sound engineer.
The effect of temperature and sound pressure.
 
 
 
Acousticians and sound protectors ("noise fighters") need the sound intensity (acoustic intensity) – but sound engineers and sound designers ("ear people") don't need that sound energy quantity.
 
Who is involved in audio engineering, should rather take care of the sound field quantity, that is the sound pressure or the sound pressure level (SPL) as an effect at the eardrums of our hearing and on the diaphragms of the microphones, and the corresponding audio voltage and its voltage level.
 

Sound pressure and Sound power − Effect and Cause

Converter: Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to Fahrenheit

Simply enter the value to the left or the right side.
The calculator works in both directions of the sign.

 
Temperature in Fahrenheit 
°F
 ↔  Temperature in Celsius 
°C
 °F = °C × 1.8 + 32    °C = (°F − 32) / 1.8
 
Formulas to convert from and to degrees Celsius (Centigrade)
 
  From Celsius to x degrees From x degrees to Celsius
Fahrenheit °F  = °C × 9/5 + 32 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9
Kelvin   K  = °C + 273.15 °C = K − 273.15
Rankine °R  = (°C + 273.15) × 9/5 °C = (°R − 491.67) × 5/9
Delisle °De = (100 − °C) × 3/2 °C = 100 − °De × 2/3
Newton °N  = °C × 33/100 °C = °N × 100/33
Réaumur °Ré = °C × 4/5 °C = °Ré × 5/4
Rømer °Rø = °C × 21/40 + 7.5 °C = (°Rø − 7.5) × 40/21
 
Formulas to convert from and to degrees Fahrenheit
 
  From Fahrenheit to x degrees From x degrees to Fahrenheit
Celsius °C  = (°F − 32) × 5/9 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32
Kelvin   K  = (°F + 459.67) × 5/9 °F = K × 9/5 − 459.67
Rankine °R  = °F + 459.67 °F = °R − 459.67
Delisle °De = (212 − °F) × 5/6 °F = 212 − °De × 6/5
Newton °N  = (°F − 32) × 11/60 °F = °N × 60/11 + 32
Réaumur °Ré = (°F − 32) × 4/9 °F = °Ré × 9/4 + 32
Rømer °Rø = (°F − 32) × 7/24 + 7.5 °F = (°Rø − 7.5) × 24/7 + 32
 
Zonal mean vertical profile of temperature in
the atmosphere during June at 45° North

Profile of temperature in the atmosphere
Temperature vs. Height (Atmospheric Pressure)
             Thermometer Celsius Fahrenheit
 
The question of the exact speed of sound can not be answered. It always needs an indication of the temperature and humidity, but not the air pressure. The term speed of sound above "sea level" (Mean Sea Level MSL) is here of no use, because only the temperature is significant and not the height above sea level.

Density of water ρ (rho) (pure and airfree)
at standard air pressure
p0 = 101325 Pa.
Temperature between 0°C and 100°C

 Temperature (°C) - ρ (kg/m³)  Temperature (°C) - ρ (kg/m³) 
           0        918.00 (ice)
  0        999.84
  1        999.90
  2        999.94
  3        999.96
     4        999.97 ●
  5        999.96
  6        999.94
  7        999.90
  8        999.85
  9        999.78
10        999.70
11        999.60
12        999.50
13        999.38
14        999.24
15        999.10
16        998.94
17        998.77
18        998.59
19        998.40
20        998.20
21        997.99
22        997.77
23        997.54
24        997.29
25        997.04

 
26        996.78
27        996.51
28        996.23
29        995.94
30        995.64
31        995.34
32        995.02
33        994.70
34        994.37
35        994.03
36        993.68
37        993.32
38        992.96
39        992.59
40        992.21
45        990.21
50        988.03
55        985.69
60        983.19
65        980.55
70        977.76
75        974.84
80        971.79
85        968.61
90        965.30
95        961.88
100        958.35   
water vapour 101325 Pa:
100         0.5        

The dependence of the pressure on the water density is low. Per 1 bar = 100000 Pa pressure increase, the density increases to about 0.046 kg/m³. Therefore normal air pressure fluctuations have practically no influence on the density of water.
 
 
 
back zurück Search Engine weiter home Start